Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum penetration hyphae infect living cells in the meristematic zone of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) roots. We characterized wall modifications induced by the fungus during infection of the protodermis using antibodies against callose, arabinogalactan-proteins, xyloglucan, pectin, polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan I in high-pressure frozen, freeze...

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) modulate protein function in most eukaryotes and have a ubiquitous role in diverse range of cellular functions. Identification, characterization, and mapping of these modifications to specific amino acid residues on proteins are critical towards understanding their functional significance in a biological context. The interpretation of proteome data obtaine...

The power-synchronization control (PSC) and vector current (VCC), the latter including cascaded outer loops, are, respectively, considered to be grid-forming grid-following schemes. They have significant structural differences. Despite that, it is here shown that two schemes can unified by making a series of minor modifications PSC. This results in universal controller, allowing various combina...

We put forward a fragile zero watermarking scheme to detect and characterize malicious modifications made to a database relation. Most of the existing watermarking schemes for relational databases introduce intentional errors or permanent distortions as marks into the database original content. These distortions inevitably degrade the data quality and data usability as the integrity of a relati...

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) was analyzed by mass spectrometric-based techniques to identify the protein modifications effected by the crosslinking reaction with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate. DCLHb consists of two principal components. These components were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and identified by measurement of their molecular weight using electrospray mass s...

The distribution of alkylated deoxynucleosides and bases has been determined in the DNA of a sensitive and a resistant human gliomaderived cell line exposed to therapeutic levels of |'"l1|.Y-(2-chloroethyl)/V-nitrosourea in vitro. The resistant cell line is 5-fold less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of yV-(2-chloroethyl)-Ar-nitrosourea and 8-fold less sensitive to sister chromatid exchange ...

In earlier studies, we have reported that minor modifications in the amino acid sequence of melittin result in dramatic changes in its biological activity. In the current study, we have investigated the secondary structure of melittin analogues with either increased or decreased haemolytic activity in order to further our understanding of the structural features involved in the binding and/or i...

A minor-closed class of graphs is a set of labelled graphs which is closed under isomorphism and under taking minors. For a minor-closed class G, we let gn be the number of graphs in G which have n vertices. A recent result of Norine et al. [12] shows that for all minor-closed class G, there is a constant c such that gn ≤ c nn!. Our main results show that the growth rate of gn is far from arbit...

background vascular injury represents less than 1% of all injuries, but deserves special attention because of its severe complications. amputation or retention of a painful functionless limb is the most untoward result of severe vascular injury or inadequate treatmet. thus, vascular injury needs a judicious and multidimensional approach. objectives this retrospective study was done to asess the...

Almost all multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms without communication follow the principle of centralized training with decentralized execution. During training, agents can be guided by same signals, such as global state. However, lack shared signal and choose actions given local observations during Inspired viewpoint invariance contrastive learning, we propose consensus for cooperativ...