The reconstruction of the wind field is one of the main issues in the mass conservation approach for calculation of CO2 advection in forest ecosystems and still remains a challenging problem. In the current study, we present an advancement of this approach: the use of a mass consistent flow model (WINDS) which takes into account measured wind data and simulates the 3-D flow field, while imposin...

A Bowen ratio energy balance was conducted over a Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) stand growing in a riparian corridor along the Virgin River in southern Nevada. Measurements in two separate years were compared and contrasted on the basis of changes in growing conditions. In 1994, a drought year, record high temperatures, dry winds, and a falling water table caused partial wilt of outer smaller...

The theory behind small amplitude movement of a single pendulum is stated, followed by the construction of a simple example of a coupled pendulum with two degrees of freedom including the unidirectional movement of the structure and the pendulum angle in relation to vertical. These models and the finite elements software SAP 2000 are also applied to a single and to a multiple degree of freedom ...

We introduce a new measurement station that we established in 2005 in an observation tower at Puijo in Kuopio. At Puijo we measure several meteorological parameters, aerosol and cloud droplet size distribution, aerosol optical properties and trace gas concentrations. We summarize the research activities at the station during its three-year history and present overall results. We compare the res...

The paper outlines a technical and economical comparison of two power collection concepts for off-shore wind farms: an innovative distributed concept versus the commonly used centralized power collection. In contrast to centralized power collection on a single and large platform, integrated and compact switchgear and transformer modules enable the distribution of power collection across multipl...

The development is presented of two low weight, motion resistant stiff floating wind turbine concepts for deployment in water depths ranging from 30 to several hundred meters in seastates with wave heights up to 30 meters supporting 3-5 MW onshore wind turbines. The floating wind turbines may be fully assembled at a coastal facility in their upright position prior to being towed to the offshore...

The suitability of turbine configurations to different wind resources has been traditionally restricted to considering turbines operating as standalone entities. In this paper, a framework is thus developed to investigate turbine suitability in terms of the minimum cost of energy offered when operating as a group of optimally-micro-sited turbines. The four major steps include: (i) characterizin...