Background: Functional constipation and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are two common childhood digestive disorders which can cause a lot of complications among them if untreated. Since an overlap and relationship between functional gastrointestinal disorders have been shown in some studies, so present study was performed to investigate the frequency of functional constipation among chi...

Background and Objective: Leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow that is the most common cause of cancer in children. Parents of hospitalized children with cancer will experience serious psychological problems. This research was done to compare parent’s anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms and mental adjustment in children hospitalized with and without cancer. ...

Children live socially from birth to adulthood, and learning is an integral part of their living. They won’t achieve the knowledge and skills for life without learning. However, childhood period is not lasting enough for learning all of the massive amounts of information and skills required for living in this world as adults and children aren’t able to acquire the whole of knowledge and skills ...

the purpose of this study was to examine the status of supervision on departments’ heads at ferdowsi university of mashhad (fum) and realize some applied themes to provide a fit model for supervising departments’ heads in fum. the method was case study under a research category aimed for applied one. using purposive sampling, interviews were conducted with top fum managers, head departments, an...

most specialists in the field of foreign language teachingconsiderreading skill as an interactive process between the reader’s prior knowledge and the text.accordingly, the activation of prior knowledge for an effective comprehension is very important. it is generally agreed that the pre-reading phase is the stage where this type of interaction and activation may be enhanced throughcertain stra...