Analysts often examine the black-white test score gap conditional on family income. Typically only a current income measure is available. We investigate the importance of the income measure to the conditional black-white gap, and find that the gap conditional on observed annual income dramatically overstates the gap conditional on richer measures such as permanent income. We describe a method f...

This paper examines school-related policies and strategies that have been proposed or justified, at least in part, on the basis of their potential for reducing black-white test score gaps. These include strategies, one of which is greater integration, to reduce differences in the quality of teachers faced by black and white students; school and classroom policies designed to improve the achieve...

This study examined within-group differences in neuropsychological test performance between US versus foreign-born English-speaking White elders. Participants included 193 randomly selected English-speaking elderly community residents who self-identified as non-Hispanic White. Participants were classified as US (n = 106) or foreign-born (n = 87). All participants were independently diagnosed by...

The poor performance of black children on IQ tests and in school has been hypothesized to arise from (a) genetic racial differences or (6) cultural/ environmental disadvantages. To separate genetic factors from rearing conditions, 130 black/interracial children adopted by advantaged white families were studied. The socially classified black adoptees, whose natural parents were educationally ave...

The impact of school segregation on student outcomes is a central concern of education policy. We compare within-city black-white test score gaps across metropolitan areas that differ in the extent of school segregation. More segregated cities have robustly larger black-white gaps in average SAT scores and in other measures of educational achievement. Using an estimator derived from “control fu...

OBJECTIVE Differentiation of demyelination in white matter from axonal damage can be determined using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In this study using meningioma patients an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between preoperative weakness and the changes of diffusion parameters in the corticospinal tract (CST) using DTI. METHODS Twenty-six patients with meningioma were enrolled ...

Humans use shading as a cue to three-dimensional form by combining low-level information about light intensity with high-level knowledge about objects and the environment. Here, we examine how cuttlefish Sepia officinalis respond to light and shadow to shade the white square (WS) feature in their body pattern. Cuttlefish display the WS in the presence of pebble-like objects, and they can shade ...

The helium-atmosphere (DB) white dwarfs are commonly thought to be the descendants of the hotter PG 1159 stars, which initially have uniform He/C/O atmospheres. In this evolutionary scenario, diffusion builds a pure He surface layer which gradually thickens as the star cools. In the temperature range of the pulsating DB white dwarfs (Teff ∼ 25 000 K) this transformation is still taking place, a...

The Black-Scholes (1973) option pricing model provides the foundation for the modern theory of options valuation. In actual applications, however, the model has certain well-known deficiencies. For example, when calibrated to accurately price at-the-money options the Black-Scholes (1973) model often misprices deep in-the-money and deep out-of-themoney options. This model-anomalous behavior give...