: Islamization and Islamophobia present two different narratives. Since Cold War, these narratives have been influencing Muslims globally, especially Pakistan due to its support of Talibanization during the Soviet (communist) invasion Afghanistan. Pakistan’s initial in coalition with America, where country yielded a religiously extremist status, provides premise suspect America West’s (capitali...

Fasting is one of the important religious practices of Muslims, in which the individuals abstain from eating and drinking from dawn to sunset. Fasting is not obligatory or even not allowed, in case it causes health problems to the fasting individual. Rheumatic diseases are a major group of chronic diseases which can bring about numerous problems while fasting. The aim of this article is to revi...

We present a novel study on the role of gender in perceptions of and emotions about in-group social image among American Muslims. Two hundred and five (147 females, 58 males) American Muslims completed a questionnaire on how Muslims feel in U.S. society. The study measured both stereotypical (i.e., 'frightening,' 'oppressed') as well as non-stereotypical in-group social images (i.e., 'powerful,...

Let G be a finite group and let Irr(G) the set of all irreducible complex characters G. For character χ∈Irr(G), number cod(χ):=|G:ker(χ)|/χ(1) is called co-degree χ. The co-degrees denoted by cod(G). In this paper, we show that for nontrivial G, |Irr(G)|=|cod(G)| if only isomorphic to Z2 or S3.

Since the 9/11 bombings in New York, and the 7/7 bombings in London,Muslims’ integration in the UK has been under intense scrutiny. Muslimintegration, however, has long been a matter of debate in Britain, revolvingaround the maintenance of Muslims’ distinctive identity and practice. Forinstance, David Cameron (Cameron, 2011), Britain’s then Prime Minister,announced...

The 5 to 9 centuries are a period of British archaeology which is trapped between disciplines. In effect, the period is pre-historic until the early 8 century, when Bede provides the first contemporary account of the region, from the perspective of a Northumbrian monk living on an island which was politically, ethnically and religiously divided. However, the archaeology of the period has never ...

if, in special circumstances, a decree that had already not been permissible becomes permissible due to facilitation for the religiously accountable (mukallif), that legal decree is called allowance (rukhṣat), such as the permission to eat carcass for the one compelled by necessity (muḍṭar). however, the general legal decree that is devised for the religiously accountable in general in conventi...