The wheel loader is modeled as a mechanical manipulator with four degrees of freedom (DOFs), which comprises a seven-bar linkage using the symbolic notation of Denavit and Hartenberg. Homogeneous transformation matrices are used to capture the spatial configuration between adjacent links. The forward kinematics method is used to formulate the kinematics equations by attaching Cartesian coordina...

This paper presents a new control algorithm that prevents electrical vehicle from wheel skidding in presence of uncertainties of tire-road condition. An estimator of the maximum effective torque is realized by wheel velocity and input torque, which is based on a pure kinematic relationship between the wheel and the chassis. In order to enhance the stability of the control system and handing per...

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NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We used experimental evolution to determine how selective breeding for high voluntary wheel running and exercise training (7-11 weeks) affect ventilatory chemoreflexes of laboratory mice at rest. What is the main finding and its importance? Selective breeding, although significantly affecting some traits, did not systematically alter vent...

This paper describes an infrared-sensing running wheel (ISRW) system for the quantitative measurement of effective exercise activity in rats. The ISRW system provides superior exercise training compared with commercially available traditional animal running platforms. Four infrared (IR) light-emitting diode/detector pairs embedded around the rim of the wheel detect the rat's real-time position;...

Obesity increases the risks to motor vehicle occupants of some types of injury in crashes. The effects of obesity on injury causation are not well understood and current prevention efforts do not effectively address the increased vulnerability of individuals with high body mass index (BMI). Proximity to the steering wheel has been associated with increased risk due to airbag deployment, and the...

Nowadays, the every vehicle existed mostly still using the two wheel steering system to control the movement of the vehicle whether it is front wheel drive, rear wheel drive or all wheel drive. But due to the awareness of safety, four wheel steering vehicles are being used increasingly due to high performance and stability that they bring to the vehicles. In this report, the performance of four...

Abrasion susceptibility of highway pavements has a great impact on the skid resistance, and consequently accident rate. A rotational abrasion device is introduced, providing the advantage of field simulation of wheel passage, in comparison with existing standard methods. The device was used to measure abrasion susceptibility of concrete pavements with different textures. The obtained results we...

To fulfill the microassembly work successfully, an omnidirectional mobile microrobot is presented. To finish the micron size task, the positioning precision of the robot is highly important. But some unpredictable factors, especially the slip effect in wheel, would affect the precision of the robot and cause unwanted deviation. To limit the deviation and optimize the positioning performance of ...

The wheel camber of a wheelchair is a significant parameter that must be taken into account in the search for optimal regulation of a wheelchair. This study examined the effects of different rear-wheel camber (9 degrees , 12 degrees and 15 degrees )-today used mainly in the handibasket championship-on the various kinetic and kinematic parameters of the propulsion cycle. Eight males, all players...