In this paper, we describe a new approach for retrieval in texts with non-standard spelling, which is important for historic texts in English or German. For this purpose, we present a new algorithm for generating search term variants in ancient orthography. By applying a spell checker on a corpus of historic texts, we generate a list of candidate terms for which the contemporary spellings have ...

The Deterrent Effects of Prison: Evidence from a Natural Experiment* In this paper we test for the theory of deterrence. We exploit the natural experiment provided by the Collective Clemency Bill passed by the Italian Parliament in July 2006. As a consequence of the provisions of the bill, expected punishment to former inmates recommitting a crime can be considered as good as randomly assigned....

Today, the technology used for voting does not fully address the issues that disabled voters are confronted with during elections. Voters, including those with most disabilities, should be able to vote and verify his or her ballot during elections without the assistance of others. In order for this to happen, a universal design should be incorporated into the development of all voting systems. ...

This paper provides estimates of the impact of participation in subsidised employment for young long-term unemployed workers. I apply a multivariate duration model with correlated unobserved heterogeneity to control for selective programme-participation. The estimates for the effect of participation in subsidised employment are derived by the means of simulation for different duration outcomes....

Spell checkers are now a common, integrated part of many commercial and freely available word processing programs. Agglutinative languages (such as Hungarian and Finnish) pose a separate problem, as there are many different " correct " forms for any given word. Due to the seemingly infinite number of possible words, the limited scope of a dictionary (provided with most spell-checking software) ...

Under the background of global warming, climate extremes have become a crucial issue with distinct heterogeneity features in different regions. Hence, spatial–temporal changes temperature and precipitation Guizhou Province were investigated utilizing daily maximums minimums data during 1960–2019 based on trend analysis. It was concluded that, firstly, all warm but spell duration indicator (WSDI...