Abstract In order to optimize the water supply system for various operation models, this study uses a hilly project as an example. analyze network optimization, two objective functions: cost and dependability. The designer can then select best optimization strategy his needs. design of real-world network, component in seaside town China, was done using methodology. Based on findings, it is cruc...

BACKGROUND Water distribution systems are vulnerable to performance deficiencies that can cause (re)contamination of treated water and plausibly lead to increased risk of gastrointestinal illness (GII) in consumers. OBJECTIVES It is well established that large system disruptions in piped water networks can cause GII outbreaks. We hypothesized that routine network problems can also contribute ...

In the event that a bacteriological or chemical toxin is introduced to a water distribution network, a large population of consumers may become exposed to the contaminant. A contamination event may be poorly predictable dynamic process due to the interactions of consumers and utility managers during an event. Consumers that become aware of a threat may select protective actions that change thei...

Since water resources of desert Naein City are very limited, a approach which saves water resources and meanwhile meets the needs of the greenspace for water is to use city’s sewage wastewater. Proper treatment of Naein’s sewage up to the standards required for green space uses may solve some of the problems of green space development of the city. The present paper closely examines available st...