Epidemiological data have demonstrated an inverse association between serum vitamin D3 levels, cancer incidence and related mortality. However, the effects of vitamin D on prostate cancer biology and its utility for prevention of prostate cancer progression are not as well-defined. The data are often conflicting: some reports suggest that vitamin D3 induces apoptosis in androgen dependent prost...

Abstract Current definitions of cancer are best realized as a list of traits or hallmarks, such as tissue invasion, metastasis, cell-autonomous growth, and resistance to apoptosis. A recent update included deregulated cellular energetics as an emerging hallmark. However, debate about tumor cell metabolism occupied center stage in the pre-oncogene era. Over the last 15 years, direct links of onc...

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