abu al-qasim khalaf ibn-e-abbas zahrawi(936-1013 a.d.), known as albucasis in west, was one of the greatest physicians in the islamic world. to many historians, he was considered as the father of modern surgery. his book, al-tasrif, e.g., written in 30 chapters, was, in fact, a medical encyclopedia of that era. it was used as one of the main references in medical academic centers for centuries....

The Melkites, Jacobites, and Nestorians were the main Christian communities under Muslim rule. Several pre-Islamic Arab Christian authors wrote treatises concerning their beliefs in Arabic, some of which date back to the early Islamic centuries. The multiplicity of such polemical works suggests an intellectually open society and a degree of tolerance shown by Muslim leaders. Abu Raʾita...

T Ferdous al-Hekma (Paradise of Wisdom) is one of the oldest medical texts in the Islamic world written in Arabic in 850 AD by Ali ibn Raban Tabari. He was a Persian physician who moved from Tabaristan (Mazandaran province of modern day Iran) to Samarra during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (847-861 AD). We studied the book of Ferdous al-Hekma fil-Tibb, in an attempt to comprehen...

A t e r t h e c o m i n g o f P r o p h e t Muhammad, the Arabian tribes, in a great burst of expansionist energy, swept over Western Asia and North Africa. They disrupted, but did not destroy the Eastern Roman Empire, which had survived the barbarian onslaughts that had wiped out the empire in the West. The Eastern Empire, particularly after the Arabian conquests, came to be known as Byzantine...

<p><em>This research aims to study the grammarians position on citing proverbs and other evidence that they relied in grammatical complexity. The this followed descriptive analytical approach. This is describe Ibn Aqil's approach issue of analyze scientifically, as well historical which helped dealing with events grammar history their effects. In light information studied, reached m...

BACKGROUND The science of toxicology has a long history and been highly valued in Islamic countries. Numerous scientists were the expert in this field, particularly during the third and fourth centuries. Through reading such literature and gaining the experience of the scientists, one can use such valuable information to promote this science. METHODS In this article, different sources of trad...