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recently, abbasbandy and asady have been proposed a modificationof the distance based approach, namely ``sign distance method''.however, in this paper, it is shown that this method has some drawbacks, i.e.,the result is not consistent with human intuition for specialcases and this method cannot always logically infer rankingorder of the images of the fuzzy numbers. in this paper, wepresent a re...

A 43-year-old woman, presented with headache, reduced visual acuity, for 5 days and bilateral papilledema. Non-enhanced cerebral computed tomography (CT) was normal. The venous angiography-CT revealed the empty delta sign within superior sagittal, right transverse and sigmoid sinuses, characterizing sinus thrombosis (Figure). The empty delta sign is a central intraluminal filling defect, repres...

Automatic translation faces computational as well as linguistic complexities because of the principles and standards of the original and the target language. This process is even bigger challenge when the languages are not written, as it is the case of Mexican Sign Language (LSM), which is used by people with hearing disabilities. This paper focuses on the development of a tool for direct trans...

This paper presents a visual prototype for the recognition of 31 different letters and 7 additional handshapes used in German sign language. Fingerspelling is used in sign languages to spell names and words. A letter is defined by one handshape, hand orientation and partly motion within the German fingeralphabet. Using the presented prototype a signer performs fingerspelling in front of a singl...

This paper explores a unique relationship between iconicity and metaphor: that seen in creative sign language, where iconic properties abound at all levels of linguistic representation. We use the idea of ‘iconic superstructure’ to consider the way that metaphoric meaning is generated through the iconic properties of creative sign language. We focus on the interaction between the overall contex...

We describe the first effort to annotate a signed language with syntactic dependency structure: the Swedish Sign Language portion of the Universal Dependencies treebanks. The visual modality presents some unique challenges in analysis and annotation, such as the possibility of both hands articulating separate signs simultaneously, which has implications for the concept of projectivity in depend...