Transportation is not only a key component of the tourism value chain, but it is also a critical management consideration in shaping tourism’s environmental footprint. Transportation consumes the greatest portion of the energy used in the tourism system. Most of this consumption is associated with travel to and from the destination. Despite this situation, scant research has addressed ways in w...

The extent to which the presence of zoo visitors influences animal behavior, and the ways in which animal activity influences visitor interest and perception, are of great interest to zoological parks. Visitors have been variously characterized as being enriching for zoo animals, as being stressors, and generally as influencing behavior in measurable ways. Most studies have focused on primates,...

The Visitor pattern wraps associated operations that are performed on the elements of an object structure into a separate object. It allows the software designer to define new kinds of operations over the object structure without changing the classes of this structure. But a well-known drawback of this standard Visitor structure is that extending the object structure is hard. This paper present...

Serengeti National Park is a world class icon for wildlife tourism attracting a diverse group of tourists from all over the world. The park has played a pivotal role in protecting large populations of wildlife species of the Eastern African savannah and the globally outstanding biological phenomena such as the annual migration of wildebeest. However, the history of the park is also characterise...

Multiple dispatching and the visitor pattern are approaches to making object-oriented programs more extensible. Both have a flavor of pattern matching, thereby moving objectoriented programming closer to functional programming. The key idea of these approaches can be crystallized as a notion of visitor which lies between functions and objects. Can this idea be developed into a new form of visit...

This study analyzed meteorological, clinical and economic factors in terms of their effects on monthly ED revenue and visitor volume. Monthly data from January 1, 2005 to September 30, 2009 were analyzed. Spearman correlation and cross-correlation analyses were performed to identify the correlation between each independent variable, ED revenue, and visitor volume. Autoregressive integrated movi...

Design patterns have been developed to cope with the vast space of possible different designs within object-oriented systems. One of those classic patterns is the Visitor Pattern that is used for representing an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure. We present a mapping from the Visitor Pattern to a grammar that defines the set of visit sequences that can be performe...