1. When the parasitic mite Varroa jumped species from the eastern to the western honey bee, millions of infested bee colonies died. Recent work has revealed that the probable cause of this collapse is that mites provide a new route of transmission, by acting as a vector, for certain bee viruses. 2. Using a mathematical model parameterized by recently collected data on bee viruses, we investigat...

background: yeast infections are increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. in order to perform a dna-based diagnostic test, availability of a rapid and easy-to-perform dna extraction protocol is essential. in the present study we evaluated colony-pcr as the easiest way to amplification of target dna. methods: instead of using templates of purified genomic dna, w...

B19 human parvovirus is the etiologic agent of transient aplastic crisis. To better understand B19 virus-induced hematopoietic suppression, we studied the host cell range of the virus using in vitro bone marrow cultures. First, B19 virus replication was examined in the presence of various purified cytokines using DNA dot blot analysis. Replication was detected only in erythropoietin-containing ...

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a honeybee pathogen whose presence is generally associated with infestation of the colony by the mite Varroa destructor, leading to the onset of infections responsible for the collapse of the bee colony. DWV contaminates bee products such as royal jelly, bee-bread and honey stored within the infected hive. Outside the hive, DWV has been found in pollen loads collect...

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is a widespread RNA virus of honey bees that has been linked with colony losses. Here we describe the transmission, prevalence, and genetic traits of this virus, along with host transcriptional responses to infections. Further, we present RNAi-based strategies for limiting an important mechanism used by IAPV to subvert host defenses. Our study shows that IAP...

The effect of La Crosse (LAC) virus infection on Aedes triseriatus overwintering success was determined. Eggs from LAC virus transovarially infected (LAC TOT+) and uninfected (LAC TOT-) Ae. triseriatus colonies were induced into diapause, held in natural conditions, and returned to the laboratory at predetermined times for assay of diapause, mortality, and filial infection rates, and to examine...

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) has been an extensively studied problem for a long time and has attracted a considerable amount of research effort. Ant colony system (ACS) algorithm is better method to solve TSP. This paper presents HACS-LS, a hybrid ant colony optimization approach combined with an improvement local search algorithm, applied to traveling salesman problem. The improvement ...

This article presents an ant colony optimization for the time scheduling of public transport traffic. In fact, the assistance of a decision support system becomes necessary for the real-time regulation of this transport networks since the size of the search space increases exponentially with the number of vehicles and stops. So, we propose an ant colony algorithm with dynamic local search, in t...