background : antivenom is still widely used in the treatment of envenomation as there are no vaccines or other effective agents available against animal venoms. recently, neurotoxins named birtoxin family have been described from parabuthus transvaalicus and androctonus crassicauda. the aim of the present study was to test the antibirtoxin antibodies for their ability to neutralize the lethal e...

The venom gland of viperid snakes has a central lumen where the venom produced by secretory cells is stored. When the venom is lost from the gland, the secretory cells are activated and new venom is produced. The production of new venom is triggered by the action of noradrenaline on both alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptors in the venom gland. In this study, we show that venom removal leads to the ...

The composition and pharmacological properties of Lippia alba (Mill.) (L. alba) (Verbenaceae) flower leaf essential oils (EO) were determined in this study. major constituents the EO geranial (49.83%) neral (32.75%), (38.06%), (31.02%), limonene (18.03%). Flower inhibited thrombolysis induced by Bothrops moojeni (B. moojeni) Lachesis muta muta) venoms (0.05-1.2 µL mL-1). When tested against L. ...

Venom is a critical evolutionary innovation enabling venomous snakes to become successful limbless predators; it is therefore vital that venomous snakes possess a highly efficient venom production and delivery system to maintain their predatory arsenal. Here, we exploit the unusual stability of messenger RNA in venom to conduct, for the first time, quantitative PCR to characterise the dynamics ...

The demand for spider venom increases along with the growing popularity of venoms-based research. A deeper understanding of factors that influence the venom yield in spiders would therefore be of interest to both commercial venom suppliers and research facilities. The present study addresses the influence of several factors on the venom yield by systematically analyzing the data obtained from 1...

Buthotus schach Finally, according to our results venom as well as fractions F4 and F6 act mostly prejunctionally on Ach release. More attempt is carrying out to study their effects on ion channel activities. is one of the most dangerous scorpions in tropical part of Iran. The effects of its crude venom at 1, 3, 10 µg/mL and its obtained fractions by gel filtrations were investigated on neuromu...