Factory 1 client 1 abstract factory class n concrete factory m abstract products p concrete products p≤ X ≤n*p no Decorator 1 interface 1 component class 1 abstract decorator class n concrete decorator classes nor 1≤ X ≤n Visitor n visited elements (ConcreteElement) p visitors (ConcreteVisitor) no n*p Table 2.1: Excerpt of a testability catalog for design patterns 2.1.2 Understanding the impact...

To what extent are identified psychological processes created in laboratories? The present work addresses this issue with reference to one particular realm of behavior: vigilance. Specifically, I argue that the classic vigilance decrement function can be viewed more realistically and advantageously as an “invigilant” increment function. Rather than characterizing the transient decrease in detec...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the nature of concurrent task interference during a vigilance task and to determine whether a concurrent task improves performance with decreased vigilance. BACKGROUND Research has repeatedly shown that engaging in a cell phone conversation while driving increases the risk of getting into crashes. At the same time, it has also been foun...

Excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue and altered attention are often experienced by obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. Although attentional problems are presumably responsible for part of the daytime functioning impairment in OSA, thorough investigation is unusual. Clinicians usually attribute these symptoms to somnolence. In clinical practice, only one isolated test is generally used to...

Time of day modulates our cognitive functions, especially those related to executive control, such as the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. However, the impact of individual differences in time of day preferences (i.e. morning vs. evening chronotype) had not been considered by most studies. It was also unclear whether the vigilance decrement (impaired performance with time on task) de...

Cover photo: A vigilant yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado, USA. Blumstein et al. (pp. 879–887) report that the time allocated to anti-predator vigilance in marmots is heritable and is weakly correlated with locomotor performance. Interestingly, faster marmots allocate more time to vigilance while slower marmots allocate less time....

Vigilance, which requires attending to relevant while ignoring irrelevant stimuli, is a cognitive domain impacted by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Various continuous performance tests (CPT) have been used to examine neural correlates of vigilance within people with and without severe mental illness, though there are limited cross-species paradigms available. The 5-choice CPT (5C-CPT) was ...

In many species, territorial neighbours fight to establish their mutual border and then develop a truce, known as the dear-enemy phenomenon, characterized by reduced vigilance and aggression along the border. We present evidence that among male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) the dear-enemy relationship is a form of reciprocal conditional cooperation that is stabilized, at least in ...