Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are a new type of semiconductor laser that have emerged as an economical alternative to conventional edge-emitting lasers. Anisotropies within these lasers, such as birefringence and dichroism, cause their optical output to favor one of two orthogonal linear polarizations; however, other optical outputs such as elliptical polarization and polariz...

The polarization dynamics of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser is investigated as a nonlinear stochastic dynamical system. The polarization switches in the device are considered as activation processes in a two dimensional system with a saddle cycle; the optimal way of switching is determined as the solution of a boundary value problem. The theoretical results are in good agreement with ...

[1] The anomalously strong hurricane activity in the Atlantic sector during the recent years led to a controversy about the impact of global warming on hurricane activity in the Atlantic sector. Here we show that the temperature difference between the tropical North Atlantic and the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans (IndoPacific) is a key parameter in controlling the vertical wind shear over t...

A recently developed parametric model by P. C. Chu et al. is used in this paper for determining subsurface thermal structure from satellite sea surface temperature observations. Based on a layered structure of temperature fields (mixed layer, thermocline, and lower layers), the parametric model transforms a vertical profile into several parameters: sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer dep...

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) is a type of semiconductor laser with laser beam perpendicular to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, as shown in Fig.1(a) [1]. VCSEL has many advantages, such as non-divergence output beam, fabrication and test on wafer, easy two-dimensional integration, and single longitudinal mode work. VCSEL is composed of an active region sandwiched be...

VCSELs are used extensively today as transmitters in high-speed optical interconnects. A first generation of 28Gbit/s devices is currently being deployed. Although digital modulation at about 50Gbit/s has been shown [1], it is very unlikely that 100Gbit/s signals can be generated by direct current modulation. New approaches must thus be explored to satisfy the future demand for higher data thro...

The vertical and rocking impedances of a rigid foundation resting on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic medium are obtained in the frequency domain. In the present approach, the contact pressure distribution on the soil foundation-interface is approximated by a linear combination of known pressure patterns. It is shown herein that the approximate solutions of spatial displacement distributi...

[1] Estimates of surface fluxes of carbon monoxide (CO) inferred from remote sensing observations or free tropospheric trace gas measurements using global chemical transport models can have significant uncertainties because of discrepancies in the vertical transport in the models, which make it challenging to unequivocally relate the observations back to the surface fluxes in the models. The ne...

Aeolian sediment traps are widely used to estimate the total volume of wind-driven sediment transport, but also to study the vertical mass distribution of a saltating sand cloud. The reliability of sediment flux estimations from such measurements are dependent upon the specific configuration of the measurement compartments and the analysis approach used. In this study, we analyse the uncertaint...