Horizontal dispersion in the surface waters of a medium-sized lake was investigated based on four experiments with ensembles of 14 to 17 drifters deployed in Lake Constance during the winter season. The experiments cover length scales between 30 and 3000 m which are typical for the grid length scales employed in 3-D models. Horizontal dispersion coefficients Kdisp were estimated to range from 0...

Functional diversity is intimately linked with community assembly processes, but its large-scale patterns of variation are often not well understood. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal changes in multiple trait dimensions ("trait space") along vertical intertidal environmental stress gradients and across a landscape scale. We predicted that the range of the trait space covered by local as...

At a plunging jet, air entrainment may take place downstream of the impingement perimeter. This study investigates air entrainment and bubble dispersion at vertical circular plunging jets in freshwater, salty freshwater and seawater. The results show lesser air entrainment in seawater plunging jets for identical inflow conditions. The average pseudo-chord sizes are between 4 and 6 mm for all wa...

The Madden–Julian Oscillation’s (MJO’s) “skeleton” is its fundamental features on intraseasonal/planetary scales: (i) slow eastward phase speed of roughly 5 m/s, (ii) peculiar dispersion relation with dω/dk ≈ 0, and (iii), horizontal quadrupole vortex structure. The MJO skeleton model is a minimal, nonlinear oscillator model that captures these three features together. The fundamental mechanism...

Different materials with different phase changes on reflection affect the surface-height measurement when interferometric techniques are employed for testing objects constructed of different materials that are adjacent to one another. We test the influence of this phase change on reflection when vertical scanning interferometry with a broadband source is used. We show theoretically and experime...

In a sample of 94 planetary nebulae of the Galactic disk we find a systematic decrease of the abundances of He, N, O, S, and Ar with height above the Galactic plane, and also with radial velocity. Over an interval of 3 kpc the abundance of O, S, and Ar decrease by 0.1 ... 0.2 dex. This value is in good agreement with the predictions of an empirical model for the chemical and kinematical evoluti...

A novel scheme for the PECVD deposition and variableangle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) characterization of silicon-based dielectrics for both, electronic and optical device application, is described. Depending on the application, different sensitivity and accuracy requirements will be placed on the VASE measurements and subsequent data analysis. As example, we consider dielectric distribut...