Solar radiation is not only the main source of energy for life on Earth, but it is also the natural source of light for the optical acquisition of information, such as for vision and photography. Natural sunlight provides the illumination required for taking hemispherical photographs in forests. In turn, such photographs can then be interpreted to provide a description of the plant canopy and i...

Human health can be strongly influenced by exposure to solar radiation. Interactions relevant for health take place mainly in the skin. In this context the optics of human skin is of the utmost importance. Reflection, scattering and absorption are the optical properties affecting the nature of these interactions. By combining a bio-optical model of human skin with advanced radiative transfer th...

Introduction: Greenhouse effect of CO2 may have been the most important factor for the Martian surface environment throughout the history of Mars. Polar ice caps and surface regolith are considered to be large CO2 reservoirs to exchange CO2 with the atmosphere on the Mars (atmosphere-ice caps-regolith (AIR) system). In this respect, Mars has an essentially different climate system from that of ...

Contemporary mechanisms for the spontaneous formation of glycerol have not been able to explain its existence on early Earth. The exogenous origin and delivery of organic molecules to early Earth presents an alternative route to their terrestrial in situ formation since biorelevant molecules like amino acids, carboxylic acids, and alkylphosphonic acids have been recovered from carbonaceous chon...

Solar radiation sustains and affects all life forms on Earth. In recent years, the increase in environmental levels of solar-UV radiation due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, as a result of anthropogenic emission of destructive chemicals, has highlighted serious issues of social concern. This becomes still more dramatic in tropical and subtropical regions, where the intensity of s...

his investigation was carried out to reveal the impact of solar radiation on wind flow structure and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon of aspect ratio of one using the computational fluid dynamic (cfd) technique. the simulation results (velocity and concentration data) show that heating from building wall surfaces and ground lead to strong buoyancy forces as the air is heated by th...

The geometry of a collector is one of the important factors that can increase the incident radiation on the collector surface. In the present study, the incident radiation for a stationary collector with cone geometry, i.e. a conical collector, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. This type of collector is always stable and does not need a fixture to install. Moreover, it has a...

[1] At planets with induced magnetospheres, the coupling between the ionosphere, the weak draped magnetosphere, and the solar wind is very direct in comparison to Earth. The weak induced magnetosphere itself is created by the prevailing Solar wind conditions and therefore in its shape and strength dynamically depending on it. In early 2010, Mars was located behind Earth in the Solar wind; thus,...

In recent years, installing photovoltaic (PV) systems has become a worldwide trend. The prediction of solar radiation is very important to PV systems for power generation. For the large power-plant installations, the power allocations and scheduling form PV systems becomes an important issue. This paper aims at estimating the GSR for different locations in Brazil. A total of 20 locations spread...

Photosynthetically-active radiation is a necessary input in applications dealing with plant physiology, biomass production and natural illumination in greenhouses. Unfortunately, a worldwide routine network for the measurement of photosynthetically-active radiation is not yet established and it is often calculated as a constant ratio of the broadband solar radiation. This ratio is affected by m...