Abstract Measurement of subjective animal welfare creates a special problem in validating the measurement indicators used. Validation is required to ensure are measuring intended target state, and not some other object. While can usually be validated by looking for correlation between indicator under controlled manipulations, this possible when state directly accessible. In article, I outline f...

Abstract To validate the predictive capability of ERA Acute, a study was carried out using data from two well-studied historic oil spills, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) and Deepwater Horizon (DHOS) incidents. Results case studies with Acute were compared to impact estimates recovery observations that have been reported in extensive research following Resource relevant for each incidents reconst...

Tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen or Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen are the most sensitive, are highly specific, and are also the most expensive for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on validating cohort study). Heterophile antibody tests have similar specificity and are cheaper, but are less sensitive in children or in adults ...

This letter studies the possibility of synthesizing an orthogonal beamforming network (BFN) with arbitrary number inputs and outputs beam-shaping functions. The proposed synthesis approach is based on complex Givens rotation matrices realized through optimized program. First, it derived that a matrix can represent directional coupler corresponding power ratio phase difference. Then, this presen...

BACKGROUND Although data from electronic health records (EHR) are often used for research purposes, systematic validation of these data prior to their use is not standard practice. Existing validation frameworks discuss validity concepts without translating these into practical implementation steps or addressing the potential influence of linking multiple sources. Therefore we developed a pract...