BACKGROUND Urban Social Health Activists (USHAs) are the grass root health care workers of urban areas. There are 290 USHAs distributed in various Urban Health Centers (UHCs) of Rajkot city. OBJECTIVES To compare the (i) effectiveness of the training received by the USHAs on their knowledge and counseling skills (ii) knowledge and counseling skills of USHAs on the awareness and utilization of...

Objectives: This study aimed to assess clinical, microbial changes in IUD users and other contraceptive methods in referent to urban health centers in Hamadan city, Iran. Methods: Detailed history and gynecological examination were conducted on women (IUD users, n = 100) or other contraceptive methods (controls, n = 160) in the health centers. Results: Frequencies of the different vaginal patho...

abstract aims: fluoride is one of the anions present in soil and water, and determining its level in drinking water is vital for preventing dental and bone diseases in societies. this research aimed to determine fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources of rural and urban areas of babol city, iran. instrument & methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in babol city,...

over half of the world’s population lives in cities and united nations (un) demographers project an increase of 2.5 billion more urban dwellers by 2050. yet there is too little systematic comparative research on the practice of urban health policy and management (hpam), particularly in the megacities of middle-income and developing nations. we make a case for creating a global database on citie...

abstract   background: inequalities in health are ever increasing among different communities of either affluent or disadvantaged especially in urban areas. to identify and address inequalities in health and its determinants among societies, urban health equity assessment and response tool (urban heart) in four 'policy domains' related to social determinants of health, has been developed by who...