We present an efficient algorithm to reduce the size of nondeterministic tree automata, while retaining their language. It is based on new transition pruning techniques, and quotienting of the state space w.r.t. suitable equivalences. It uses criteria based on combinations of downward and upward simulation preorder on trees, and the more general downward and upward language inclusions. Since tr...

In the April number of The Indian Medical Gazette I have described briefly the technique of Hari Shankar's cataract operation with special reference to upward extraction. My letter regarding certain misprints in connection with that article may be read in the May number. [See Corrigendum, J. M. G., May, p. 196, and June, p. 238.] Downward extraction was then practised in special cases only, but...

In this paper we apply the instrumental approach to social preferences in order to distinguish among various shapes of preferences for social status. In particular, we consider the shape of reduced preferences that emerge in the equilibrium of a twosided matching model with non-transferable utility. Cole et al. (1992, 1995) show that, under full observability of potential mates’ attributes, ins...

One of the prominent mathematical features of natural language is the prevalence of “upward” and “downward” inferences involving determiners and other functional expressions. These inferences are associated with negative and positive polarity positions in syntax, and they also feature in computer implementations of textual entailment. Formal treatments of these phenomena began in the 1980’s and...

Refinement is the notion of development between formal specifications. For specifications given in a relational formalism, downward and upward simulations are the standard method to verify that a refinement holds, their usefulness based upon their soundness and joint completeness. This is known to be true for total relational specifications and has been claimed to hold for partial relational sp...

Lower and upper approximations of upward (downward) union of decision classes in Variable Consistency Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach (VC-DRSA) are the basis for extraction of decision rules, so computations of approximations is a necessary step in knowledge representing and reduction based on VCDRSA. In this paper, a matrix-based method for computing lower approximations of upward and downw...

We studied sinusoidal (SIN) and step-ramp (SR) pursuit in two rhesus monkeys, before and after surgical lesions of the cerebellar nodulus and uvula (Nod/Uv). Eye movements were recorded using the magnetic field scleral search coil method. Pursuit targets were generated by an LCD projector and back-projected onto a tangent screen in an otherwise dark room. After the Nod/Uv lesions, both monkeys ...

Solidification thermal parameters, such as growth rate, cooling rate and dendrite arm spacing ( ), have been measured in a hypoeutectic Al-Mg alloy directionally solidified under upward and downward transient heat flow conditions. The experimental setup used in this work consists of a water-cooled mould with heat being extracted from the bottom or the top, promoting upward and downward directio...

The present research aimed to examine how social comparison and individual differences in creativity might influence creative performance and attention paid to ideas generated by a partner during an electronic brainstorming session. After completing a creativity scale, forty-one psychology undergraduates generated ideas by computer with a remote partner/confederate presented as a student in eit...

[Purpose] This study was performed to determine which set of below-knee working conditions minimizes upper extremity muscle activity and which of upward- or downward-direction workstations poses the greater risk of upper extremity disorder. [Subjects] The study population consisted of 15 young male workers. [Methods] EMG activities of the right anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and lower trapez...