In 2000 Allen Schwenk, using a well-known mathematical model of matchplay tournaments in which the probability of one player beating another in a single match is fixed for each pair of players, showed that the classical single-elimination, seeded format can be"unfair"in the sense that situations can arise where an indisputibly better (and thus higher seeded) player may have a smaller probabilit...

TO THE EDITOR: Ideally, anti-doping testing is designed to ensure fair competition and prevent athletes’ harm from unfair practices. While the former issue is questionable, since fairness in sports is mostly a chimera, the latter is foremost and theoretically viable (1–3). The recent study of Lundy et al. (5) proved what everybody in the field of laboratory and sports medicine has supposed for ...

The ease of business transactions offered by e-commerce services makes many companies compete with each other to offer attractive promos consumers or the public so that they are interested in making on their services, one is providing discounts certain time better known as flash sale. However, practice, sales often accompanied very large a product, even reaching price Rp. 99, - (ninety nine rup...

drawing up the insurance contracts by insurance companies has led to disregard policyholder's rights. this means that insurers by inserting unfair terms in insurance contracts seek to make a contract that they gain special privileges for themselves. jurists as main opponents of injustice regard commitment not to insert unfair terms as one of the insurer's pre-contractual obligations i...

In restrospect, this paper considers and evaluates the development of the Korean Antitrust Act, which is the fundamental law of the economic order, since 1981. The direct objective of the Act is to promote free and fair competition, as well as to prevent the concentration of economic power. Its ultimate objectives, however, are the stimulation of creative business activities, consumer protectio...

Bilateral contract transaction among generation companies and large consumers is attracting much attention in the electricity market. A large consumer can purchase energy from generation companies directly under a bilateral contract, which can guarantee the economic interests of both sides. However, in pursuit of more profit, the competitions in the transaction exist not only between the compan...

The popular Hirsch index is used as a criterion for evaluating the achievements of scientists, departments, universities, and countries. Unfortunately, this index is often unfair in view of various scientific disciplines, can easily be manipulated, so its usefulness is undermined by unfair competition. To address these problems, this paper introduces a set of new popularity indices which evalua...

TO THE EDITOR: Ideally, anti-doping testing is designed to ensure fair competition and prevent athletes’ harm from unfair practices. While the former issue is questionable, since fairness in sports is mostly a chimera, the latter is foremost and theoretically viable (1–3). The recent study of Lundy et al. (5) proved what everybody in the field of laboratory and sports medicine has supposed for ...