BACKGROUND Reporting systems in anaesthesia have generally focused on critical events (including death) to trigger investigations of latent and active errors. The decrease in the rate of these critical events calls for a broader definition of significant anaesthetic events, such as hypotension and bradycardia, to monitor anaesthetic care. The association between merely undesirable events and cr...

Data standardization is a widely recommended solution to improving data quality. Despite the potential benefits, we examine if it has any unintended, especially undesirable, side effects on data quality. The eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is an XML-based open standard that aims to facilitate the preparation, exchange and comparison of financial reports. Leveraging the unique oppo...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an efficient method to perform evaluation of units. In DEA we try to evaluate units with undesirable factors in input & outputs by satisfaction function, testing some models. On the other hand benefiting this concept, we can identify non-efficient units. Also we can recognize why these units are inefficient and calculate the reason of their inefficiency and ho...

While the conventional DEA based production plans aim to minimize all the inputs consumption and maximize all the outputs production, there are many real world production systems may also generate undesirable by-products. One methodological difficulty associated with the previous DEA-based production planning models is how to incorporate undesirable factors in the planning models, while the sim...

This paper models the firm’s production process as a system of simultaneous technologies for desirable and undesirable outputs. Desirable outputs are produced by transforming inputs via the conventional transformation function, whereas (consistent with the material balance condition) undesirable outputs are by-produced via the so-called “residual generation technology”. By separating the produc...

This paper contributes to the literatures about Chinese commercial banks technical efficiency. In order to eliminate the deviation of efficiency scores caused by an undesirable output that is represented by banks’ non-performing loans, the estimation is based on an enhanced parametric hyperbolic distance function which considers not only desirable outputs but also undesirable outputs. Furthermo...

An essential part of any DNA computation is to encode data on DNA strands. Performing such computation we must be sure that no undesirable hybridization will occur. The aim of this paper is to present algorithms which can test if a given set of code words satisfies certain coding and involutory properties, as it is necessary to prevent undesirable DNA strands interactions. These algorithms are ...