Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) are a natural extension of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) phenomenon to the underground environment. In this work, experimental measurements are presented at the frequency of 433 MHz, which show a good agreement with the theoretical studies. Experiments are run to examine the received signal strength and the packet error rate for aboveground-to-un...

During the last decade, mining companies and mobile equipment manufacturers have pursued improved efficiency, productivity, and safety in underground mining operations by automating some of the functions of underground vehicles. This paper describes the implementation and successful field testing of a new infrastructureless guidance system for autonomous tramming of centre-articulated undergrou...

Zambia’s economy is fueled by copper production, which one of the country’s most important industries. In terms output, Zambia has around five large open-pit mines and eight significant underground mines. Government owns a stake in some these businesses. This article examines economic, social, technological, environmental ramifications mining Copperbelt area Zambia.

With power systems switching to smart grids, real-time and on-line monitoring technologies for underground distribution power cables have become a priority. Most distribution components have been developed with self-diagnostic sensors to realize self-healing, one of the smart grid functions in a distribution network. Nonetheless, implementing a real-time and on-line monitoring system for underg...

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) are active and emerging area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes are located under the ground environment. The communication between the nodes is done underground, with the aim of sensing events to transmit the sensed events to the sink, which is normally in the terrestrial environment. The most challenging issue i...

Studies about sediment erosion were mainly concentrated on the river channel sediment, the terrestrial sediment, and the underground sediment. The transport process of underground sediment is studied in the paper. The concept of the flush potential sediment is founded. The transport equation with stable saturated seepage is set up, and the relations between the flush potential sediment and wate...

Exposure to gases and dust may induce airway inflammation. It was hypothesized that heavy construction workers who had been exposed to dust and gases in underground construction work for 1 yr, would have early signs of upper and lower airway inflammation, as compared to outdoor workers. A study group comprising 29 nonsmoking underground concrete workers (mean +/- SD age 44+/-12 yrs), and a refe...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: GPR GPS GIS 3D underground utility mapping Uncertainty modeling Uncertainty-aware visualization Accuracy assessment Underground utility lines being struck is a long-standing problem worldwide, causing public service disruptions, project delays, cost overruns, property damage, injuries, and fatalities that cost billions of dollars each year. Utility strikes are at...

Many applications for irrigation management and environment monitoring exploit buried sensors wired-connected to the soil surface for information retrieval. Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) is an emerging area of research that promises to provide communication capabilities to these sensors. To accomplish this, a reliable wireless underground communication channel is necessary, allow...