Coal classification schemes have been developed over many years from studies of the physical and chemical properties of coals as a method of dividing coals into various categories according to their behaviour during carbonisation and combustion. Although there is no universally accepted scheme, most coal classification schemes are based on two main types of parameters:a)volatile matter, and b)c...

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is thought to be the most favourable clean coal technology option from geological-engineering-environmental viewpoint (less polluting and high efficiency) for extracting energy without digging it out or burning on surface. UCG process requires only injecting oxidizing agent (O2 air with steam) as raw material, into buried seam, at an effective ratio which reg...

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and the principal component of natural gas. Coal seams often contain significant quantities of methane, and underground coal mines must ensure that methane released into the mine during coal extraction does not build to dangerous levels. This is accomplished in part through the use of large-volume ventilation systems that remove methane from the mine and rel...

Development of coal gasification plants in the United States for the generation of electrical power (SPENCER et al. 1982) may increase the probability of accidental spills of coal-derived phenols and monohydric cresol isomers into streams and rivers. Although Europe has experienced several accidental spills from coal fired electrical plants and phenol producing plants (ALABASTER et al. 1973), m...

The presence of ground subsidence near abandoned coal mine areas can be hazardous to people and property because of its tendency to happen without warning. The prognostication has recently become a serious social problem in Korea, since almost all underground coal mines have been abandoned, and few remain since 1989. However, the effort of scientifically assessment of susceptible ground subside...

Monitoring of roof activity is a primary measure adopted in the prevention of roof collapse accidents and functions to optimize and support the design of roadways in underground coalmines. However, traditional monitoring measures, such as using mechanical extensometers or electronic gauges, either require arduous underground labor or cannot function properly in the harsh underground environment...