Systematic internalizers are single-dealer platforms run by investment firms that trade out of their own inventories internalizing the trades off exchanges. We analyze determinants dealers' market shares and trading costs. find dealer have lower price impacts than exchange trades, consistent with uninformed traders seeking dealers. Due to ability avoid informed investors, dealers often undercut...

This essay analyzes Jill Krementz's popular photobooks for children. Constructed in collaboration with her child subjects, are of interest apparently modeling what Marah Gubar calls a "kinship model" childhood that stresses children's similarities to adults. But, despite role production, the ultimately reframe children within conventional discourses. Even as books try humanize marginalized by r...

Sensitivity of polymeric microdisks is evaluated for selected compounds in their vapor phase such as humidity, isopropanol, toluene, limonene, 1-butanol, and pentanoic acid (valeric acid). Among these compounds, exhibits the highest sensitivity (23 pm/ppm) with a limit detection estimated to be around 0.6 ppm. We are interested contribution geometry deformation due polymer swelling on it may en...

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has a role in pain processing, however, little is known about opioid system organization and actions. This rodent study defines opioid architecture in the perigenual and midcingulate divisions of ACC, relates mu-opioid receptor binding and G-protein activation, and localizes such binding to afferent axons with knife-cut lesions and specifically to noradrenergic t...

BACKGROUND Global health institutions increasingly recognize that the right to health should guide the formulation of replacement goals for the Millennium Development Goals, which expire in 2015. However, the right to health's contribution is undercut by the principle of progressive realization, which links provision of health services to available resources, permitting states to deny even basi...

By placing lawmaking power directly in the hands of citizens, Progressive movement reformers hoped to undercut the ability of political parties to pursue their policy objectives. This article tests the expectations of reformers by examining whether direct democracy alters the ability of partisan legislative majorities and governors to shape the size of the U.S. state public sector. Using a larg...