To understand the structural basis of biology, it is necessary to understand the transformations of macromolecules during functional cycles. These changes can involve large-scale conformational transformations, changes in the state of ligation or association, changes in dynamics, or alterations in covalent bond structure. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have been invaluable for the d...

Photochemical upconversion based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is employed to enhance the short-circuit currents generated by two varieties of thin-film solar cells, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cell and a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC). TTA-UC is exploited to harvest transmitted sub-bandgap photons, combine their energies and re-radiate upconverted photons back t...

We present infrared transmittance and reflection modulation spectra for changes in the reverse bias voltage across a variety of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based pin and min solar cells and diodes. The spectra originate with the change in charge state of levels near the two intrinsic-layer interfaces. The spectra vary significantly for differing interfaces, and we therefore propose their applica...

This paper deals with the optical design of a photovoltaic solar concentrator composed by two squared reflection mirrors. The optical configuration of the device, is based on the Cassegrain telescope and designed in order to maximize the fill factor over the irradiated area and by providing an easily manufactured shape. The collection unit has been simulated and optimized by a ray tracing metho...

In this study, a mechanical stacking technique has been used to bond together the GaInP/GaAs and poly-silicon (Si) solar wafers. A GaInP/GaAs/poly-Si triple-junction cell mechanically stacked using low-temperature bonding process which involves micro metal balls on line high-optical-transmission spin-coated glue material. Current–voltage measurements of cells have carried out at room temperatur...

Background and Aim: Preparation of tooth structure by laser systems produces a surface with different characteristics. Therefore, selecting an appropriate bonding system is necessary to achieve the maximum bond strength. The aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive and Single Bond Univer-sal to dentin prepared by bur or laser. Materials and Methods: ...

In this paper, comparative study of p type and n type solar cells are described using two popular solar cell analyzing software AFORS HET and PC1D. We use SiNx layer as Antireflection Coating and a passivated layer Al2O3 .The variation of reflection, absorption, I-V characteristics, and internal and external quantum efficiency have been done by changing the thickness of passivated layer and ARC...

virial theorem is important for understanding stellar structures. it produces an interesting connection between magnetic and gravitational energies. using the general form of the virial theorem including the magnetic field (toroidal magnetic field), we may explain the solar dynamo model in relation to variations of the magnetic and gravitational energies. we emphasize the role of the gravitatio...