Recent findings on the Reynolds-number-dependent behaviour of near-wall turbulence in terms ‘foot-printing’ outer large-scale structures call for a new modelling development. A two-scale framework was proposed to couple local fine-mesh solution with global coarse-mesh by He ( Intl J. Numer. Meth. Fluids , vol. 86, 2018, pp. 655–677). The methodology implemented and demonstrated Chen & Fluid...

When a laminar boundary layer separates because of an adverse streamwise pressure gradient, the flow is subject to increased instability with respect to smallamplitude disturbances. Laminar–turbulent transition occurs under a rapid three-dimensional (3D) development within the separated shear layer. When the following turbulent boundary layer reattaches, a laminar separation bubble is formed. T...

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