Malignant tumors arise, in part, because the immune system does not adequately recognize and destroy them. Expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; IDO1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of tryptophan into kynurenine, contributes to this immune evasion. Here we describe the effects of systemic IDO inhibition using orally active hydroxyamidine small molecule inhibitors. A single ...

background: cd4+ and cd8+ t cells are the main types of lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity and play a central role in the induction of efficient immune responses against tumors. the frequencies of t cell subtypes in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues, and draining lymph nodes (dln) can be considered as useful markers for evaluation of the immune system in cancers. methods: in this study,...

Despite major advances in targeted drug therapy and radiation therapy, surgery remains the most effective treatment for most solid tumors. The single most important predictor of patient survival is a complete surgical resection of the primary tumor, draining lymph nodes, and metastatic lesions. Presently, however, 20%-30% of patients with head and neck cancer who undergo surgery still leave the...

AIMS Strong thyroglobulin immunoreactivity within sinus histiocytes in a lymph node draining a papillary thyroid carcinoma was observed in a recent case. This prompted the investigation of whether thyroglobulin immunoreactivity is common in regional lymph nodes in cases of thyroid malignancy. METHODS Eighty seven lymph nodes were studied from 21 cases of thyroid malignancy. These comprised pa...

A dual-antigen, dual-isotope assay has been used to monitor the migratory behavior of selectively labeled antiallogeneic lymphocytes in mice challenged subcutaneously in all four foot pads with semiallogeneic spleen cells. 3H-labeled anti-C3H and 14C-labeled anti-C57BL lymphocytes of DBA/2J origin were pooled and adoptively transferred to multiple groups of previously challenged DBA/2J recipien...

HYPOTHESIS Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL) has become an increasingly popular surgical technique for staging the regional lymph nodes in early-stage melanoma. The technique of LM/SL has potentially great advantage for the groin, where the morbidity of superficial groin dissection or iliac dissection can be high. The surgical management of these basins is un...

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) stimulates tumor lymphangiogenesis (i.e., formation of lymphatic vessels) and metastasis to regional lymph nodes by interacting with VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). We sought to determine whether inhibiting VEGFR-3 signaling, and thus tumor lymphangiogenesis, would inhibit tumor metastasis. Methods: We used the highly metastatic human lung ca...