Peptides that stimulate astroglial proliferation are produced in traumatized adult rat brain by 10 d after injury. These same peptides are released by ameboid microglia activated in vitro. Our findings suggest that astroglial scarring is regulated in part by the release of factors from ameboid microglia near the site of brain injury.

Therapists treating individuals who have been traumatized by violent political repression may undergo intense emotional responses, ranging from denial to overidentification. In discussing these reactions, establishment of a therapeutic alliance and awareness of the sociopolitical context of the trauma are highlighted as central elements in the treatment process.