This study adopts a power perspective to investigate sustainable supply chain relationships and specifically uses resource-dependence theory (RDT) to critically analyze buyer–supplier–supplier relationships. Empirical evidence is provided, extending the RDT model in this context. The concept of power relationships is explored through a qualitative study of a multinational company and agricultur...

In this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the Iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from March 2000 to February, 2009 and error correction model (ECM).The causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. InProducer-Retail and Wholesale-Retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

The Cloud has become a significant topic in computing; however, the trend has established a new range of security issues that need to be addressed. In Cloud, the data and associated software are not under their control. In addition, with the growing demands for Cloud networks communication, it becomes increasingly important to secure the data flow path. The existing research related to security...

We designed, built, and demonstrated a novel OCDMA multi code transmitter and receiver capable of a Gigabit operation, runs error free with a capability of a bit-to-bit code swapping using fast wavelength-hopping time-spreading OCDMA codes. BER less than 10 was measured and no error floor was observed. By implementing optical layer XOR, our novel transmitter/receiver pair enables One-time Pad d...