For more than forty years machine translation has been an active area of research and development. Several variants of MT systems have been proposed e.g., interactive systems, batch-mode systems requiring a large amount of human post-editing and systems that generate text in several languages from a common structured set of data rather than a source text. Although there are some successful syst...

There is an immense gap between the claims of the theoretical linguists as to what the computer must ultimately do in the field of text analysis and translation, and the hard economic facts facing the system designer. A state-of-the-art survey shows the various alternatives proposed in the past, and the state of progress achieved today. The European Community, after having the Systran system ad...

�ere are two classical applications of the automatic translation of natural language. Assimilation is translation when a gist of the meaning is su�cient, and speed and convenience are prioritized. Dissemination is translation with the intent to communicate, so there is usually a prede�ned quality threshold. �e most common assimilation scenario is cross-lingual web browsing, where fully automati...

due to its specific characteristics, special theoretical principles are involved in translation of religious text. the texts of this genre are classified into two categories of divine and non-divine each with its own considerations in the act of translation. nahj-al-balaghah is one of the non-divine islamic texts. two of the well-known translations of it into persian are those by seyed jafar sh...

TRANSLATION is a species of communication in which the set of symbols adopted by the communicator is changed into another set of symbols before reception. It is possible to argue that all communication involves such a substitution of symbols and that communication within a single language is merely a limiting case of translation. For present purposes, however, we shall confine the scope of disc...

The modABC gene products constitute the molybdate-specific transport system in Escherichia coli. Another operon coding for two proteins which diverges from the modABCD operon has been identified. The first gene of this operon codes for a 262-amino-acid protein, designated ModE (28 kDa), and the second genes codes for a 490-amino-acid protein. ModF (54 kDa). The role of ModF has not yet been det...

Abstract The advent of AI-supported, cloud-based collaborative translation platforms have enabled a new form online – ‘concurrent translation’ (CT). CT refers to commercial performed on such by multiple agents (translators, editors, subject-matter experts etc.) simultaneously, via concurrent access. Although the practice has recently gained more ground, research is scarce. present article repor...