In order to fly, insects require flight muscles that constitute at least 12 to 16% of their total mass, and flight performance increases as this percentage increases. However, flight muscles are energetically and materially expensive to build and maintain, and investment in flight muscles constrains other aspects of function, particularly female fecundity. This review examines ways in which ins...

Abstract One of the key concepts in matters flight safety is that special (abnormal) situations, with airworthiness regulation and certification aviation equipment being based on this concept. At same time, one forced to admit today there no explicit interpretation standardized traits nor are they not fully elucidated scientific literature. In article we propose a pyramid-based approach interpr...

Time-of-flight ~TOF! inelastic neutron-scattering spectra were measured on b-cerium ~double hcp! and g-cerium ~fcc! near the phase-transition temperature. Phonon densities of states ~DOS! and crystal-field levels were extracted from the TOF spectra. A softening of the phonon DOS occurs in the transition from bto g-cerium, accounting for an increase in vibrational entropy of DSvib 5(0.0960.05)kB...

The six-degree equations of flight in their classic form do not provide a proper physical perception due to a number of interferences. Nor do they render visible the important role of attack angles. In this study, attempts have been made to develop a complete set of 3D acceleration equations from the equations of normal and tangential acceleration αN=vωv, αt=v ̇. For this purpose, a coordinate s...

When a treadmill accelerates continuously, the walk-run transition has generally been assumed to occur at the instant when a flight phase is first observed, while the run-walk transition has been assumed to occur at the instant of the first double support period. There is no theoretical or empirical evidence to suggest that gait transitions occur at the instant of these events, nor even whether...

Air Transportation represents a very interesting example of a complex techno-social system whose importance has considerably grown in time and whose management requires a careful understanding of the subtle interplay between technological infrastructure and human behavior. Despite the competition with other transportation systems, a growth of air traffic is still foreseen in Europe for the next...

When there is some knowledge of transition location, mean laminar and turbulent heat transfer can usually be computed to better than 25% accuracy. However laminar-turbulent transition in the boundary layer is usually estimated from crude algebraic correlations. The scatter in these correlations can be a factor of 2 or more. Because transition causes heat transfer to rise by a factor of about 5 ...

Theoretically, a uniform, interacting, Bose gas in two dimensions is known to undergo a phase transition from a non-superfluid to a superfluid at a non-zero temperture TBKT. This Berezinski-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition occurs in a gas, a quasi-condensate without long-range order, and results in a first-order (field-field) correlation function that decays to zero at large separation only as a ...

Using flight measurements conducted between altitudes of 700 and 3000 m, this work characterizes atmospheric turbulence investigates the effects an increase in level on laminar–turbulent transition taking place pressure side a laminar airfoil. Flight conditions ranging from calm to moderately turbulent natural driven by Tollmien–Schlichting waves are considered. The inflow first characterized r...