This paper documents patterns in international trade costs in processed foods for a large cross-section of developing and developed countries, during the 1976-2000 period. A trade costs index is inferred from a micro-founded gravity equation that incorporates bilateral ‘iceberg’ trade costs. For 2000, the weighted average tariff equivalent of trade costs ranges from 73% for the North to 134% fo...

this study investigated the export status of stone fruits in iran during 1997 to 2010.export trends and revealed comparative advantage of indices, namely, revealedcomparative advantage (rca), revealed symmetric comparative advantage (rsca),and relative export advantage (rxa) as well as trade mapping (tm) were investigatedfor cherries, plums, peaches, and apricots. target markets for these produ...

In 2004, ten additional countries join the 15-member European Union. As a result, the nature of the community and its countries are predicted to change, including the economic freedom of individuals and organizations. This study uses classification tools to look at the Economic Freedom of the World index (EFI), examining the similarities and the differences in the economic freedom of the 25 aff...

We analyse the effect of IMF and World Bank policies on the composite index of economic freedom by Gwartney et al. (2000) as well as its sub-indexes, using a panel of 85 countries observed between 1970 and 1997. With respect to the Bank, we find that the number of projects has a positive impact on overall economic freedom, while the effect of the amount of World Bank credits is negative. These ...

In this reply, we briefly deal with each of these issues. As Lawson points out, we cite Martin Paldam (2003) to convince skeptical readers that the economic freedom indicators provide valuable information and should be used more often in empirical research. Indeed, the change in the economic freedom indicator can be used as a proxy for the institutional changes and policies generally supported ...

Since joining the WTO in 2001, China has attached more importance to development of high-tech products and actively advocated entrepreneurs establish product manufacturing enterprises accelerate industrial upgrading seek foreign trade. As India is an important destination for China's expand trade, what are factors influencing export trade India? Based on this, this paper selects relevant data 2...