Earthworm is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine. Previous studies on earthworm extracts have demonstrated its ability to improve haemostatic disorders[5] and stimulate wound healing[6]. In addition, higher concentrations of earthworm extracts are nontoxic and have excellent antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties[7]. Further researches have revealed the potential for using earthwor...

Recombinant factor VIIa may reduce surgical blood loss and transfusion of blood products in cardiac surgery. However, the true risks of its use in this setting remains to be elucidated, especially when it is administered with other potent pro-haemostatic agents. We reviewed the recent literature on this topic and suggest that the off label use of recombinant factor VIIa is likely to continue. I...

Lidocaine allergy presents a unique difficulty for both patients and providers who undergo/perform bronchoscopy. We present a case of a 73 yo male with severe lidocaine allergy who successfully underwent bronchoscopy with chloroprocaine topical anesthesia and discuss alternative topical anesthetic agents that may be used in this special situation.

A series of backbone modified and sulfonic acid replacement analogs of our topical, clinical candidate (iii) were synthesized. Their antimicrobial activities and aqueous stabilities at pH 4 and pH 7 were determined, and has led us to identify quaternary ammonium N,N-dichloroamines as a new class of topical antimicrobial agents.

BACKGROUND The efficacy of many pharmacological agents for preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) has been evaluated in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but it is unclear which agent(s) should be used in clinical practice. Network meta-analyses of RCTs are used to simultaneously compare several agents to determine their relative efficacy and identify priority agents for comparison in futur...

Topical therapy as monotherapy is useful in psoriasis patients with mild disease. Topical agents are also used as adjuvant for moderate-to-severe disease who are being concurrently treated with either ultraviolet light or systemic medications. Emollients are useful adjuncts to the treatment of psoriasis. Use of older topical agents such as anthralin and coal tar has declined over the years. How...

We examine the progress that has been made towards the development of topical treatments for premature ejaculation (PE). Although generally regarded as one of the most common male sexual problems, the lack of approved pharmacological agents for PE means that treatment options are limited to behavioural therapy, where available, and the use of drugs 'off-label'. There are various theories on the...

Recommendations for resuscitation of patients in early haemorrhagic shock, with active ongoing bleeding, have evolved in recent years. This review covers current theories of the pathophysiology of shock and recommended treatments, including damage control surgery, deliberate hypotensive management, administration of antifibrinolytics, early support of the coagulation system, and the possible ro...

Topical photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) is investigated by photopatch testing, and a consensus European methodology exists, which advises the use of ultraviolet (UV)A as the irradiation source (1). However, for most agents, the action spectrum for PACD has not been defined. We sought to determine the action spectrum for topical photocontact allergy to the non-steroidal antiinflammatory ...