INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that sense pathogen associated patterns such as bacterial cell wall proteins. Bacterial infections are associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Here, we assessed the expression of TLRs 2, 4, and 9 by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with AAV, and investigated TLR mediated...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and complement are 2 components of innate immunity that are critical for first-line host defense and elicitation of adaptive immune responses. Many pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate both TLR and complement, but whether and how these 2 systems, when coactivated in vivo, interact with each other has not been well studied. We demonstrate here a widespread r...

Sepsis and septic shock are leading killers in the noncoronary intensive care unit, and they remain worldwide health concerns. The initial host defense against bacterial infections involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which detect and respond to microbial ligands. In addition, a coordinated response of the adrenal and immune systems is crucial for survival during severe inflammation. Previously...

OBJECTIVES TLR-4 activates a number of inflammatory signaling pathways. Also, AMPK could be involved in anti-inflammatory signaling. The aim of this study was to identify whether stimulation of AMPK could inhibit LPS-induced Tlr-4 gene expression in mice hearts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Heart AMPK activity and/or Tlr-4 expression was stimulated in different mice groups, using respectively IP inj...

Since their isolation until implantation, pancreatic islets suffer a major stress leading to the activation of inflammatory reactions. The maintenance of controlled inflammation is essential to preserve survival and function of the graft. Identification and targeting of pathway(s) implicated in post-transplant detrimental inflammatory events, is mandatory to improve islet transplantation succes...

BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) susceptibility and viral shedding in the genital tract, but the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. METHODS Direct activation of HIV long terminal repeats (LTRs), a proxy measure for HIV-1 replication, was measured after treatment of 1G5 T cells...

TLRs recognize a broad spectrum of microorganism molecules, triggering a variety of cellular responses. Among them, phagocytosis is a critical process for host defense. Leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators produced from 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme, increase FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Here, we evaluated the participation of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and whether th...

inflammatory responses and innate immunologic reactions play an important role in the respiratory system. ex vivo lung perfusion (evlp) is considered a novel method in the evaluation and reconditioning of donor lungs prior to transplantation. however, evlp’s effect on inflammatory and metabolic markers of human lung tissue is unknown. this study investigated how the performance of evlp on brain...