Introduction: In order to study the alterations of beta 1 and 2 integrins mRNA level in rat lumbar spinal cord following the induction of chronic pain and its effect on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, we examined the level of expression of these genes in the presence of chronic pain, which is an inhibitor of morphine tolerance. We used induction of chronic pain alone and in ...

The clinical usefulness of morphine for treatment of chronic pain is limited by development of tolerance. So many authors have proposed the co-administration of other drugs. This study was performed to evaluate the role of gabapentin on analgesic effect of morphine. Four groups of male rats (220-250 g) were examined for time latency using tail flick test: control, morphine (M), gabapentin (GB),...

A close relationship exists between calcium concentration in the central nervous system and nociceptive processing. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium interact with N- and P/Q-type voltage-operated calcium channels. In the present study we compare the antinociceptive potency of intrathecal administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium chloride in the tail-flick test and on in...

Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth. is extensively used as traditional medicine for the management of various types of pain including tooth ache, gastric pain, abdominal pain, ear ache, and generalized body pain. The current study is designed to scientifically verify the purported uses of I. rugosus as analgesic agent and to figure out its possible mechanism of action. Bioactive compounds responsibl...

Objective(s) The present study was undertaken to investigate the nociception activity of promethazine, a tranquillizer devoid of hypnotic activity in mice. Materials and Methods Antinociception was evaluated, using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick, hot plate and formalin pain tests. Results Promethazine (4 and 6 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a significant...

the involvement of supraspinal alpha-adrenergic receptors in tonic pain was assessed in formalin-induced pain in rats. the alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, along with yohimbine and prazosin, α2 and α1 receptor antagonists, were introduced intracerebroventrically (icv) and/or systemically in different doses. the data show that 1) clonidine exerts an alpha adrenergic analgesic effect, in ad...

BACKGROUND Preemptive analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment that prevents central sensitization. Antinociceptive effects of diclofenac are well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate preemptive analgesic effects of intraperitoneally administrated diclofenac, before and after acute and inflammatory induced pain in rat model. METHODS Forty eight male Sprague Dawley rats were includ...

in traditional medicine,some plants have been used as analysics.the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the analgesic effect of two plants,piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale that are used  traditionally to relieve headache,rheumatic arthritis,and toothache.for this purpose the methanolic extract of zingiber and piper nigrum,in different doses,were injected intraperitonealy to mice and t...

In Sri Lankan traditional medicine, the decoction of leaves of the plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) is claimed to possess antinociceptive activity. However, as yet, its antinociceptive potential has not been scientifically investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive potential of an aqueous leaf extraction (ALE) of P. pinnata in rats, using three algesiometric methods (...