The passage of particles through matter is one of the principal ways to investigate nature. In this article, we would like to outline the most important stages in the development of the theories regarding this subject. PACS-01.65.+g History of science. PACS-34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power. CNR Bologna Research Area Library cat. 8704 Reports coll. 126-4-111,1997

A science is a series of ‘conjectures and refutations’. The most powerful conjectures are those that are formulated in such a way that they may be easily refuted by observation. On this account, Universal Grammar is an extremely weak hypothesis. This is because (i) there are very few precise formulations of exactly what is in UG (Wunderlich’s list on pp.620–623 being an admirable exception), an...

Let B be a continuous additive functional for a standard process (Xt)t∈R+ and let (Yt)t∈R be a stationary Kuznetsov process with the same semigroup of transition. In this paper, we give the excursion laws of (Xt)t∈R+ conditioned on the strict past and future without duality hypothesis. We study excursions of a general regenerative system and of a regenerative system consisting of the closure of...

We propose a novel technique for arbitrary wavefront shaping in quadratic nonlinear crystals by introducing the concept of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) into the nonlinear optical regime. We demonstrate the method experimentally showing a conversion of a fundamental Gaussian beam pump light into the first three Hermite-Gaussian beams at the second harmonic in a stoichiometric lithium tant...

We give several remarks on Strichartz estimates for homogeneous wave equation with special attention to the cases of Lx estimates, radial solutions and initial data from the inhomogeneous Sobolev spaces. In particular, we give the failure of the endpoint estimate L4tL ∞ x for n = 2.

We review the predictions on angular correlations and their recent experimental tests at LEP and HERA. Power behaviour of correlation functions appear for large angles and reflect the underlying fractal structure in jet evolution. Asymptotic scaling laws work rather well for the low momentum particles. For angular correlations the predictions work at least qualitatively, sometimes quantitativel...

In a recent talk given at a North American University, a prominent feminist scholar from the United States observed that the contributions of Black women in mass political movements have been given short shrift in both conventional male-centred narratives of revolutionary movements (such as the Black Power movement in the USA), and mainstream feminist accounts of women’s activism, because inter...

3D printing and numerical analysis are combined to design a new class of architected materials that contain bistable beam elements and exhibit controlled trapping of elastic energy. The proposed energy-absorbing structures are reusable. Moreover, the mechanism of energy absorption stems solely from the structural geometry of the printed beam elements, and is therefore both material- and loading...

An approach that uses an electro-optically tunable two dimensional phase grating to enhance the resolution in digital holographic microscopy is proposed. We show that, by means of a flexible hexagonal phase grating, it is possible to increase the numerical aperture of the imaging system, thus improving the spatial resolution of the images in two dimensions. The augment of the numerical aperture...