The standardized extract contains flavonolignans, collectively referred to as silymarin. Sometimes the extract itself is called “silymarin”, which can lead to confusion over dosage since the level of flavonolignans (silymarin) in the extract is typically 60 to 80%, depending on the test methodology used. The main flavonolignans found in the extract are silybin (silibin), silychristin, silydiani...

Quantity, quality and dispersal distance of wind-blown achenes and pappi were determined during the peak time of dispersal over twelve site-years in Minnesota during 2006 and 2007. Approximately twice as many pappi than achenes were trapped. Wind blown pappi tend to travel near the ground. Most achenes fell near the parent plants and their population density declined exponentially with increasi...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of commonly used botanicals on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 activities in human liver microsomes. The extracts screened were black cohosh, cranberry, echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and valerian in addition to the green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Formation of trifl...

Title Distribution and host specificity of the thistle-feeding tortoise beetle Cassida vibex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in southwestern Hokkaido, northern Japan Author(s) Fujiyama, Naoyuki; Togashi, Kozue; Kikuta, Shogo; Katakura, Haruo Citation Entomological Science, 14(3): 271-277 Issue Date 2011-07 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/49482 Right The definitive version is available at wileyon...

The objective of this research was to compare various novel herbicides for efficacy in fallow. An experiment compared residual preemergence weed control While most provided good kochia early on, only the treatments containing Alite 27 (isoxaflutole) controlled 90% or more by 50 days after treatment. Similarly, Russian thistle 83% early. However, declined such that as much 74% later season.

An existing method to induce systemic rust infections in creeping thistles (Cirsium arvense) using an insect vector, the weevil Ceratapion onopordi, was successfully applied in the field. Urediniospores of Puccinia punctiformis were experimentally transmitted to naturally grown thistles, to our knowledge for the first time resulting in systemically infected shoots in an established thistle popu...