Azole antifungals, known as demethylase inhibitors (DMIs), target sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of fungal pathogens of both plants and humans. DMIs remain the treatment of choice in crop protection against a wide range of fungal phytopathogens that have the potential to reduce crop yields and threaten food security. We used a yeast membrane protein expres...

Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is produced by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae and has the ability to reversibly alter intestinal epithelial tight junctions, allowing the passage of macromolecules through the mucosal barrier. In the present study, we investigated whether Zot could be exploited to deliver soluble antigens through the nasal mucosa for the induction of antigen-specific systemic ...

High-affinity iron uptake in gram-negative bacteria depends upon TonB, a protein which couples the proton motive force in the cytoplasmic membrane to iron chelate receptors in the outer membrane. To advance studies on TonB structure and function, we expressed a recombinant form of Escherichia coli TonB lacking the N-terminal cytoplasmic membrane anchor. This protein (H(6)-'TonB; M(r), 24,880) w...

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging world-wide human pathogen that is associated with food-borne gastroenteritis when raw or undercooked seafood is consumed. Expression of virulence factors in this organism is modulated by the phenomenon known as quorum sensing, which permits differential gene regulation at low versus high cell density. The master regulator of quorum sensing in V. parahaemol...

Electron microscopy (EM), combined with image processing, has become an increasingly powerful tool for structural biology. Advances in cryopreservation and imaging, along with increasingly sophisticated computational tools for image processing, allow three-dimensional (3D) structure determination of macromolecules or macromolecular assemblies trapped in native states (1, 2). Structures from non...

The abg locus of the Escherichia coli chromosome includes three genes encoding proteins (AbgA, AbgB, and AbgT) that enable uptake and utilization of the folate breakdown product, p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate (PABA-GLU). We report on the purification and characterization of the p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate hydrolase (PGH) holoenzyme encoded by abgA and abgB. One-step purification was accomplished using ...

The proteasome is a multisubunit protease responsible for degrading proteins conjugated to ubiquitin. The 670-kDa core particle of the proteasome contains the proteolytic active sites, which face an interior chamber within the particle and are thus protected from the cytoplasm. The entry of substrates into this chamber is thought to be governed by the regulatory particle of the proteasome, whic...

Dear Editor, The modification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by small ubiquitinlike modifier (SUMO) recruits Srs2 during S phase (Hoege et al., 2002; Pfander et al., 2005). The recruitment of Srs2 to replication fork through physical interaction between the C-terminus of Srs2 (residues 1038–1174) and SUMOylated PCNA regulates homologous recombination by disrupting the Rad51 nucleo...

according to article 158 of civil procedure act, forcible occupy litigation consists of the claim of previous possessor on the base of another person has occupied the immovable property that has been in his possession without his consent and he ask recover of his possession on that property. forcible occupy litigation has been foreseen for supporting of possessions of human for holding social s...

martyr sayyed mostafa khomeini is one of the contemporary philosophers who has grown in transcendent philosophy and has new doctrines in islamic philosophy. his only remained book, commentaries on the transcendent philosophy, contains his theories. but you can also find his special philosophical theories in his 29 volume books about fiqh, assets of fiqh, and interpretation. his big philosophica...