In this paper, we propose a new practical fair exchange protocol allowing the exchange of an electronic item against a signature. The protocol is based on the Guillou-Quisquater scheme and assumes the existence of a trusted third party that is involved in the protocol only in the setup phase and when one of the parties does not follow the protocol or some technical problems occur during the exe...

In a country where only two political parties — the Democrats and Republicans — have dominated electoral politics since the Civil War, any electoral headway by a third party or candidate is a noteworthy event. Setting aside Teddy Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party effort, Perot’s 18.9% of the popular vote in 1992 was the largest third party popular vote since the Civil War. By running again in 1996 a...

Abstract Financial abuse is a significant form of elder maltreatment and frequently ranked in the top two most common forms perpetration. Despite this, it under-identified, under-reported under-prosecuted. institutions, such as banks, are important environments for identifying responding to financial older people. Traditionally, banks have not always been part inter-sectorial responses abuse, y...

sale is the alienation of goods with all presumptive, objective and, legal rights related to them in a way that a buyer can have the goods in absolute legal possession. any defects in seller’s ownership, such as the right of easement, usufruct or lien belong to the third party interferes with the absolute ownership of the buyer and his rights. a kind of these rights recognized and protected by ...

Far-right parties have been increasingly spreading throughout Europe since 1980s; they have attracted the attention of many voters, especially the youth and the workers by campaigning against immigration and multiculturalism. Through an anti-establishment approach, these parties have become mainly mistrustful of the mainstream politics articulating themselves as the true voice of the people and...

We provide evidence that long-term relationships between trading parties emerge endogenously in the absence of third party enforcement of contracts and are associated with a fundamental change in the nature of market interactions. Without third party enforcement, the vast majority of trades are initiated with private offers and the parties share the gains from trade equally. Low effort or bad q...