Historical GDP estimates for China by Broadberry, Guan, and Li are problematic because of an implausible series government expenditure. Revised reduce per capita, mainly during the Ming, up to a third. Two peaks in income now stand out: Song efflorescence years around 1700. If latter peak is real, comparisons Yangzi delta with leading European countries show Great Crossing Middle Ages, Converge...

It is a commonplace in American political discourse that socialists are statists, zealous to resolve society’s ills through the intervention of activist government. To nineteenth-century European labor militant, however, this might come as surprise. The state, he saw it, was not there lend helping hand but repress, and gendarme military man, social worker, were its emblematic agents. Late twent...