Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) affects a substantial number of children every year and requires a long and rigorous course of chemotherapy treatments in three stages, with the longest phase, the maintenance phase, lasting 2-3years. While the primary drugs used in the maintenance phase, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methotrexate (MTX), are necessary for decreasing risk of relapse, th...

Despite the availability of biological drugs and the widespread and earlier use of immunosuppressants, intestinal resection remains necessary in almost half of the patients with Crohn's disease. The development of new mucosal lesions in previously unaffected intestinal segments (a phenomenon known as post-operative recurrence, POR) occur within the first year in up to 80% if no preventive measu...

Aim Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) accounts for 7–22% of IBD cases globally and there is evidence to suggest that the incidence rising. 1 The aims therapy in paediatric are relieve symptoms, optimize growth, improve quality life while minimizing drug toxicity reducing risk complications without surgery. Treatment involves two main steps, inducing remission maintaining remission. Th...