A simple realization of a spatial integrator array is constructed by using individual units composed of two thin lenses. The spatial integration feature depends on the value of the focal distance of one of the lens. This focal lenght, and its relation with the thickness of the individual element is related with the lateral magnification defining the synthetic image given by the array. Although ...

In this paper we present a novel approach to simulate image formation for a wide range of real world lenses in the Monte Carlo ray tracing framework. Our approach sidesteps the overhead of tracing rays through a system of lenses and requires no tabulation. To this end we first improve the precision of polynomial optics to closely match ground-truth ray tracing. Second, we show how the Jacobian ...

Human lenses extracted for cataract 26 years after long-term exposure to an imperfectly shielded radium source were examined by slit-lamp photography, thin-section light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Anterior epithelial cells were fibroblast-like, and germinal epithelium and vacuolated cortical fibres had accumulated at the equator. A zone of light scatter at the anterior pole correspond...

In this paper we consider cameras as belonging to one of two types: single aperture (conventional) cameras, and multiple aperture (compound eye) cameras. The eyes of insects are well known examples of the second type. Recently Fraunhofer Institute announced the manufacturing of a compound eye camera, which is very thin and has potential applications unthinkable for the traditional single lens c...

The stiffness and hydraulic permeability of soft contact lenses may influence its clinical performance, e.g., on-eye movement, fitting, and wettability, and may be related to the occurrence of complications; e.g., lesions. It is therefore important to determine these properties in the design of comfortable contact lenses. Micro-indentation provides a nondestructive means of measuring mechanical...

m It has been previously reported that lens fluorescence increases with age and is due to s fluorogeo tightly bound to lens proteins. In this study, we iind that xsathureaic acid axcumulates with age in human eye. Its derivatives, repotted by us ss OX4 and DOXA, formes fluorescent conjugates with the crysttdlins leading IO their aggregation. &&&I& Absorption spectrometry and flue-ce spectrometr...

m It has been previously reported that lens fluorescence increases with age and is due to s fluorogeo tightly bound to lens proteins. In this study, we iind that xsathureaic acid axcumulates with age in human eye. Its derivatives, repotted by us ss OX4 and DOXA, formes fluorescent conjugates with the crysttdlins leading IO their aggregation. &&&I& Absorption spectrometry and flue-ce spectrometr...

A new miniature interferometer has recently been developed for monitoring the changes of film thickness and refractive index, wherein a semiconductor laser and a photodiode detector are integrated to form a laser/detector hybrid. The laser light is collimated by a lens. When the laser light hits a film, it is reflected twice by the two interfaces between the film and the surrounding mediums. Th...

Flat lenses when compared to curved surface lenses have the advantages of being aberration free and they offer a compact design necessary for a myriad of electro-optical applications. In this paper we present flat and ultra-thin lenses based on graphene, the world’s thinnest known material. Monolayers and low number multilayers of graphene were fabricated into Fresnel zones to produce Fresnel z...

The increasing use of environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) in materials science provides exciting new possibilities for investigating chemical reactions and understanding both the interaction of fast electrons with gas molecules and the effect of the presence of gas on high-resolution imaging. A gaseous atmosphere in the pole-piece gap of the objective lens of the microscope al...