Background and Objective: Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an important process for cellular homeostasis and it can be initiated by both physiologic and pathologic stimuli. Defects in the apoptosis process may lead to serious disease such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, tumors drug resistance, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Various methods such as cytotoxicity assay, mo...

the concepts of similarity and dissimilarity have been the interest of many researchers. basically, in the studies the similarity between two objects or phenomena, has been discussed. in this thesis, we consider the case when the resemblance or similarity among three objects or phenomena of a set, 3-similarity in our terminology, is desired. later we will extend our definitions and propos...