2014 The paper describes the principles and theoretical models of new X-ray optical elements based on the behaviour of Bragg-Fresnel diffraction. The use of volume diffraction permits one to achieve better spatial resolution compared with conventional plane optics and bending mirrors. The construction of Bragg-Fresnel elements combines the advantages of high-resolution Fresnel optics with stabi...

We have compared observational data of apsidal motion rates for relativistic eclipsing binaries with theoretical predictions based on stellar theoretical models. Ten double-lined eclipsing binaries with high quality light curves and radial velocities were selected. The analysis of the data available indicate that the predictions by the General Relativity and the new stellar models are able to e...

Mathematical modeling has been instrumental in identifying common principles of cell polarity across diverse systems. These principles include positive feedback loops that are required to destabilize a spatially uniform state of the cell. The conserved small G-protein Cdc42 is a master regulator of eukaryotic cellular polarization. Here we discuss recent developments in studies of Cdc42 polariz...

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a technique for size fractionation of particles in continuous flow that has shown great potential for biological applications. Several theoretical models have been proposed, but experimental evidence has demonstrated that a rich class of intermediate migration behavior exists, which is not predicted. We present a unified theoretical framework to infer...

Imaging the structure of molecules in transient-excited states remains a challenge due to the extreme requirements for spatial and temporal resolution. Ultrafast electron diffraction from aligned molecules provides atomic resolution and allows for the retrieval of structural information without the need to rely on theoretical models. Here we use ultrafast electron diffraction from aligned molec...

Some pulsars have their maximum observable energy output in the gamma-ray band, offering the possibility of using these high-energy photons as probes of the particle acceleration and interaction processes in pulsar magnetospheres. After an extended hiatus between satellite missions, the recently-launched AGILE mission and the upcoming Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Tele...

Low-energy density has long been the major limitation to the application of supercapacitors. Introducing topological defects and dopants in carbon-based electrodes in a supercapacitor improves the performance by maximizing the gravimetric capacitance per mass of the electrode. However, the main mechanisms governing this capacitance improvement are still unclear. We fabricated planar electrodes ...

In this article, principles of architectures relating to normative agents are evaluated with regard to the question whether and to what extend results of empirical research are incorporated in the architecture. In the human sciences, internalisation is a crucial element within the concept of norms. Internalisation distinguishes normative behaviour regulation from mere coercion. The aim of this ...

We investigate the statistical properties of the Barkhausen noise in amorphous ferromagnetic films with thicknesses in the range between 100 and 1000 nm. From Barkhausen noise time series measured with the traditional inductive technique, we perform a wide statistical analysis and establish the scaling exponents τ,α,1/σνz, and ϑ. We also focus on the average shape of the avalanches, which gives...

A previously unknown intrinsic nonlinearity of standard fractionalsynthesizers is identified. A general analytical model for fractionalphased-locked loops (PLLs) that includes the effect of the nonlinearity is derived and an improvement to the synthesizer topology is discussed. Also, a new methodology for behavioral simulation is presented: the proposed methodology is based on an object-oriente...