25 The relationships between the stimulation frequency and the force developed by motor units 26 (MUs) of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were compared between intact rats and animals 27 after total transection or hemisection of the spinal cord at low thoracic level. The experiments 28 on functionally isolated MUs were carried out two weeks, one, three and six months after the 29 spinal cord in...

In a standing position, the vertical projection of the center of mass passes in front of the ankle, which requires active plantar-flexor torque from the triceps surae to maintain balance. We recorded motor unit (MU) activity in the medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus (SOL) in standing balance and voluntary isometric contractions to understand the effect of functiona...

We analyzed wild mouse DNAs for the number and type of proviral genes related to the env sequences of various murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs). Only Mus species closely related to laboratory mice carried these retroviral sequences, and the different subclasses of viral env genes tended to be restricted to specific taxonomic groups. Only Mus musculus molossinus carried proviral genes which cross-...

Due to open network nature of wireless sensor networks make them highly vulnerable to a variety of security attacks and easy target for adversaries, which may capture these nodes, analyze and easily insert fake route information. Wireless sensor network is an emerging, cost effective and unsupervised solution for collecting this information from the physical world and sending this information b...

Transgenic mice, containing a chimeric gene in which the cDNA for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (PEPCK-C) (EC 4.1.1.32) was linked to the alpha-skeletal actin gene promoter, express PEPCK-C in skeletal muscle (1-3 units/g). Breeding two founder lines together produced mice with an activity of PEPCK-C of 9 units/g of muscle (PEPCK-C(mus) mice). These mice were seven times more active i...

BACKGROUND Patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are common in primary care, and pose a communicative and therapeutic challenge to GPs. Although much has been written about GPs' frustration and difficulties while dealing with these patients, research presenting the patients' perspectives on MUS still seems to be scarce. Existing studies have demonstrated the patients' desire to mak...

Minimal explanations of infeasibility find a wide range of uses. In the Boolean domain, these are referred to as Minimal Unsatisfiable Subsets (MUSes). In some settings, one needs to enumerate MUSes of a Boolean formula. Most often the goal is to enumerate all MUSes. In cases where this is computationally infeasible, an alternative is to enumerate some MUSes. This paper develops a novel approac...

If a CSP instance has no solution, it contains a smaller unsolvable subproblem that makes unsolvable the whole problem. When solving such instance, instead of just returning the “no solution” message, it is of interest to return an unsolvable subproblem. The detection of such unsolvable subproblems has many applications: failure explanation, error diagnosis, planning, intelligent backtracking, ...

Twenty mice (Mus musculus), the second filial generation offspring from a C57BL/6 and DBA/2J cross, received spatial win-shift and win-stay water escape training within a mixed design in which all mice received both types of training. Acquisition under win-shift was superior to win-stay with respect to errorless trials and latencies regardless of the order in which the procedures were experienc...