Acceptance of the quantization of the elementary electrical charge (e) was preceded by a bitter dispute between Robert Millikan (1868–1953) and Felix Ehrenhaft (1879– 1952), which lasted for many years (1910–25). Both Millikan and Ehrenhaft obtained very similar experimental results and yet Millikan was led to formulate the elementary electrical charge (electron) and Ehrenhaft to fractional cha...

This paper relies on theoretical approaches from the IR-discipline to account for important changes in Germany’s support for a common European foreign policy toward the ArabIsraeli dispute since the early 1990s. It first describes two major shifts in Germany’s approach towards Middle East peace making: first, Germany’s growing support for EuroMediterranean cooperation in the second half of the ...

a r t i c l e i n f o The use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to solve environmental disputes is expected to increase in the near future. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental ADR empirically. However, the majority of empirical literature of environmental ADR provides merely descriptive case studies. Using a large micro-level database from Japan, this...

Minimum cost spanning tree problems try to connect agents e¢ ciently to a source when agents are located at di¤erent points in space and the cost of using an edge is …xed. We examine solution concepts to divide the common cost of connection among users, and revisit the dispute between two of the most familiar solutions: the Kar and folk solutions, both based on the familiar Shapley value. We ch...