In Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, activation begins with identical stimuli but results in the production of different cytokines. The expression of some cytokine genes is differentially induced according to the amplitude and pattern of Ca signaling. Using fura2 Ca imaging of murine Th1 and Th2 clones, we observed that the Ca rise elicited following store depletion with thapsigargin is significantly lo...

One of the characteristic features of allergic asthma is recruitment of large numbers of inflammatory cells including eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes to the lung. This influx of inflammatory cells is thought to be a controlled and coordinated process mediated by chemokines and their receptors. It is thought that distinct, differential expression of chemokine receptors allows selective migration...

Objective(s): Leishmaniasis is a complex parasitic disease that represents a major public health problem. Despite numerous attempts over the past decades, yet there is no effective vaccine against human leishmaniasis probably due to the lack of suitable adjuvants. In this study, a first generation liposomal-based Leishmania vaccine was developed using soluble Leishmania major antigens (SLA) and...

background t-helper (th) lymphocyte cytokine production may be important in the immune pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections. th1 cytokines such as; interleukin- 2 (il-2), and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) are necessary for host antiviral immune responses, while th2 cytokines (il-4, il-10) can inhibit the development of these effector mechanisms. objectives the aim of the present st...

T helper type 2 (TH2)-mediated immune responses are induced after infection with multicellular parasites and can be triggered by a variety of allergens. The mechanisms of induction and the antigen-presenting cells involved in the activation of TH2 responses remain poorly defined, and the innate immune sensing pathways activated by parasites and allergens are largely unknown. Basophils are requi...

S ince the initial descriptions of CD4 1 T cell subsets with distinct functions and cytokine production profiles, the question of how these cells originate during an immune response has been asked. Both Th1 and Th2 cells can develop from naive, peripheral CD4 1 T cell (Thp) populations, and individual Thp cells appear capable of differentiating into either Th subset (reviewed in reference 1). T...

The ability of extracellular stimuli to modulate dendritic cell (DC) activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells was not well understood. We investigated the effects of the T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2-cytokine environment on DC induction of NKT cell-mediated cytokine production in mice. Pretreatment of myeloid DCs with Th1 or Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma, led to the ...

If Th1 or Th2 polarization could be artificially manipulated, effective immune responses would be generated depending on nature of the targets. In this study we attempted to regulate CD40 expressions on dendritic cells (DCs) in order to modify the T cell response. It was found that reducing agents selectively inhibited surface expression of CD40 on DCs. This finding may provide a new strategy o...

Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an allergic response characterized by type 2 inflammatory reactions mediated T helper cells (Th2). Th2 elevated cytokines related to the humoral response, including Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-25 and IL-33. Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) a distinguishable form of CRSwNP primary localized disea...