BACKGROUND Mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH), or targeted temperature management, improves survival and neurological outcomes in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). International guidelines strongly support initiating TH for all eligible individuals presenting with OHCA; however, the timing of cooling initiation remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis was c...

In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, stem cells appear and generate the adult absorptive epithelium, analogous to the mammalian one, under the control of thyroid hormone (TH). We have previously shown that the adult stem cells originate from differentiated larval epithelial cells in the Xenopus laevis intestine. To clarify whether TH signaling in the epithelium alone is sufficient f...

The thyroid axis is comprised of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) at the level of the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to release thyrotropin (TSH). TSH in turn stimulates the thyroid to secrete the pro-hormone thyroxin (T4) and to a lesser extent the receptor active hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3). The majority of circulating T3 is generated by peripheral conversion of T4 by the i...

We present an extension of “smooth bosonization” to the non-Abelian case. We construct an enlarged theory containing both bosonic and fermionic fields which exhibits a local chiral gauge symmetry. A gauge fixing function depending on one real parameter allows us to interpolate smoothly between a purely fermionic and a purely bosonic representation. The procedure is, in the special case of boson...

We consider the Hamiltonian treatment of non-local theories and Ostrogradski’s formalism. This has recently also been discussed by Woodard (hep-th/0006207) and by Gomis, Kamimura and Llosa (hep-th/0006235). In our approach we recast the second class constraints into first class constraints and invoke the boundary Poisson bracket. PACS number(s): 02.70.Pt, 03.50.-z, 04.20.Fy, 11.10.Ef, 11.10.Lm,...

It is proven that there are precisely n odd-parity sphaleron-like unstable modes of the n-th Bartnik-McKinnon soliton and the n-th non-abelian black hole solution of the Einstein-Yang-Mills theory for the gauge group SU(2). On leave from Physical–Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Kazan 420029, Russia On leave of absence from Tbilisi Mathematical Institute, 380093 Tbilisi...

Let X be a simplicial complex with ground set V . Define its Alexander dual as the simplicial complex X∗ = {σ ⊆ V | V \ σ / ∈ X}. The combinatorial Alexander duality states that the i-th reduced homology group of X is isomorphic to the (|V | − i − 3)-th reduced cohomology group of X∗ (over a given commutative ring R). We give a selfcontained proof from first principles, accessible to the non-ex...